Thermodynamic spontaneity—whether a reaction can go—can be measured by changes in either of two parameters: entropy or free energy.

Researchers from Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, have developed a new method that allows them to visualize the contribution of the interaction between water and proteins for the first time with ...

In all of physical law, there’s arguably no principle more sacrosanct than the second law of thermodynamics — the notion that entropy, a measure of disorder, will always stay the same or increase. “If ...