Industrial pipes carrying water or chemicals invariably get gunked up as deposits accumulate on their internal surfaces. That slows flow, and slowly damages the equipment, leading to the need for ...

In spaces smaller than a wavelength of light, electric currents jump from point to point and magnetic fields corkscrew through atomic lattices in ways that defy intuition. Scientists have only ever ...

Mineral scaling in industrial pipes causes flow reduction, equipment strain, and increased costs in water and energy systems.

From the Smithsonian report for 1942; Reprinted from the American indigena, vol. 2, no. 1, 1942. https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=liball&source ...