Abstract: Vehicle detection and classification (VDC) is a crucial aspect of bridge engineering, as vehicles exert significant dynamic loads on bridges. Various contact and noncontact methods have been ...

For setups that rely on stored water, clear awareness of tank level and water quality is essential. Traditional level ...

Abstract: As power grids evolve towards smarter, more transparent systems, there is an increasing demand for highprecision, high-reliability, and cost-effective voltage measurement techniques. Unlike ...